IGNOU Guess Paper

IGNOU MAUS Guess Paper December 2026: MEDS, MHI and MPA Themes

IGNOU MAUS guess paper: mock MEDS-041 Introduction to Urban Development term-end paper stamped Revision Set, with PDF ₹49 and printed ₹100 per subject

MA Urban Studies (MAUS) · December 2026 term-end examination

Seven MAUS papers arrive in English and Hindi, and the two halves do not always ask the same thing

Forty IGNOU papers, every MAUS code from December 2024 to June 2026, compared line by line: what IGNOU asked, how each paper is laid out, where the Hindi text parts company with the English, and when each paper sits in December.

  • First paper: MEDS-047, Sat 12 Dec
  • Year I core: four papers in six days
  • 40 IGNOU papers, 10 codes
  • MPA-016: four themes in 4 of 4 papers
  • MHI-10 and MPA-016: two-section papers
  • Free paper planner and section clock

₹49 PDF · ₹100 printed, per subject code

Write each code as IGNOU prints it, for example MEDS-043 or MPA-016, and say whether the answers are wanted in English or Hindi.

Quick answer. An IGNOU MAUS guess paper is a revision set of important and recurring questions for one MA Urban Studies course code, such as MEDS-041 or MPA-016, with model answers, built by ignouproject.com from IGNOU’s own term-end papers. The December 2026 MAUS papers run from Saturday 12 December (MEDS-047) to Monday 28 December (MEDS-044) on IGNOU’s sheet of 30 October 2026. Eight of the ten MAUS papers ask for any five of eight 20-mark questions in 3 hours; MPA-016 and MHI-10 split ten questions into two sections and require at least two from each. Each code costs ₹49 as a PDF or ₹100 printed, and a printed order of any size adds ₹100 once for courier. Answers come in English, or in Hindi for the seven codes IGNOU prints in both languages, with the language settled on WhatsApp before payment. IGNOU alone knows what December will bring; a set ranks past themes and stops there.

Table of Contents

Saturday 12 December to Monday 28 December: When Each MAUS Paper Sits

The first MAUS paper of the December 2026 term-end examination is MEDS-047 Ecology, Environment and Urban Development on Saturday 12 December 2026, from 2 PM, and the last is MEDS-044 Monitoring and Evaluation of Projects and Programmes on Monday 28 December 2026, per IGNOU’s date sheet of 30 October 2026. That sheet keeps every MAUS date from the tentative sheet of 21 September 2026, so nothing moved between the two versions.

Every programme’s December 2026 papers fall between Wednesday 25 November 2026 and Thursday 14 January 2027. MAUS sits wholly inside the second half of December, seventeen days after the cycle opens.

First MAUS paper

MEDS-047 on Saturday 12 December 2026, 2 PM to 5 PM

Last MAUS paper

MEDS-044 on Monday 28 December 2026, 2 PM to 5 PM

Status: IGNOU sheet dated 30 October 2026; the tentative version of 21 September 2026 is superseded

Year I: One Morning Elective, Then Four Core Papers in Six Days

The Year I core comes in code order and close together. MEDS-041 is on Wednesday 23 December, MEDS-042 the next afternoon, MEDS-043 on Saturday 26 December and MEDS-044 on Monday 28 December: four papers inside six days, with one free day before each of the last two. The elective MEDSE-046 sits a week earlier, on Wednesday 16 December, and it is the only MAUS paper in the morning session.

On a phone, swipe the table sideways for every column.

MAUS Year I papers in date order, per the sheet of 30 October 2026
CodeDateSessionPaperGap after the previous paper
MEDSE-046Wednesday 16 December10 AM to 1 PMDevelopment: Issues and PerspectivesFirst Year I paper (elective)
MEDS-041Wednesday 23 December2 PM to 5 PMIntroduction to Urban Development7 days later
MEDS-042Thursday 24 December2 PM to 5 PMIssues and Challenges in Urban Planning and DevelopmentNext day
MEDS-043Saturday 26 December2 PM to 5 PMDynamics of Urban Planning and Development2 days later
MEDS-044Monday 28 December2 PM to 5 PMMonitoring and Evaluation of Projects and Programmes2 days later

The squeeze changes how Year I should be revised. MEDS-042 cannot be left for the evening of 23 December, because the MEDS-041 paper fills that afternoon. A Year I learner does better to finish MEDS-041 and MEDS-042 before the run begins and keep the two free days, Friday 25 and Sunday 27 December, for a last pass through MEDS-043 and MEDS-044.

Year II: Five Options Spread Across Ten Days

Year II is looser. The five options fall on 12, 15, 17, 19 and 22 December, never on consecutive days, all in the 2 PM session. A learner takes four of them, since Year II needs 32 credits and each option carries 8.

On a phone, swipe the table sideways for every column.

MAUS Year II options in date order, per the sheet of 30 October 2026
CodeDateSessionPaperGap after the previous paper
MEDS-047Saturday 12 December2 PM to 5 PMEcology, Environment and Urban DevelopmentFirst Year II option
MEDS-048Tuesday 15 December2 PM to 5 PMSustainable Development and Smart Cities3 days later
MEDS-049Thursday 17 December2 PM to 5 PMDynamics of Development in Urban Construct2 days later
MPA-016Saturday 19 December2 PM to 5 PMDecentralization and Local Governance2 days later
MHI-10Tuesday 22 December2 PM to 5 PMUrbanization in India3 days later

Learners Carrying Both Years: Two Three-Day Runs

No two MAUS papers share a date, so there is no clash to report to a Regional Centre. Someone with a Year I paper still pending alongside Year II meets two tight stretches:

  • MEDS-048 on Tuesday 15 December (2 PM), MEDSE-046 on Wednesday 16 December (10 AM) and MEDS-049 on Thursday 17 December (2 PM): three papers on three days, with the morning paper in the middle.
  • MHI-10 on Tuesday 22 December, MEDS-041 on Wednesday 23 December and MEDS-042 on Thursday 24 December, all at 2 PM.

The planner further down flags both runs once the codes are ticked. For every programme’s dates in one place, the December 2026 date sheet summary is kept current, and the morning and evening examination slots are explained on their own page. The hall ticket for the cycle is covered on the IGNOU hall ticket guide, centre allotment on the exam centre page, and anyone still to register can check the term-end examination fee and the steps for paying it online.

Seventy Per Cent of Each MAUS Course Rides on One Three-Hour Paper

For MAUS, IGNOU’s assignment download list prints a weightage of 30 per cent against every MAUS assignment, from MEDS-041 to MEDS-049 and MEDSE-046, which leaves the term-end paper as the larger share. The term-end examination carries 70 per cent of the final course result and assignments carry the remaining 30 per cent. None of the 40 MAUS question papers from December 2024 to June 2026 prints a weightage line of its own, so the figure comes from that list, not from the papers.

In practice, one afternoon decides most of each course. An 8-credit Year II option such as MEDS-048 is examined in a single 3-hour sitting, and so is a 6-credit Year I core course. The IGNOU percentage calculator shows how course results turn into an overall figure. Neither the MAUS section of the July 2026 prospectus nor the papers state a pass mark, so none is given here; the Programme Guide is the place to confirm it.

Revision Set, Official Paper or Answered Paper for a MAUS Code

For MAUS, a guess paper means the questions that keep recurring for one course code, such as MEDS-044, answered in full by a publisher who has worked through IGNOU’s past papers and the course blocks; sellers also call it important questions, expected questions or a model paper. A previous year question paper is the paper IGNOU itself set in an earlier term-end examination, reproduced exactly and free to download from ignou.ac.in. A solved question paper takes one of those IGNOU papers and adds answers written by a publisher.

Each does a different job for a MAUS learner, and none replaces the blocks.

On a phone, swipe the table sideways for every column.

Guess paper, previous year question paper and solved question paper compared for a MAUS code
QuestionGuess paper (revision set)Previous year question paperSolved question paper
What is it?Recurring MAUS themes for one code, answeredOne session’s paper exactly as IGNOU set itOne session’s paper with answers written in
Who makes it?A publisherIGNOUA publisher
What does it cost?₹49 PDF or ₹100 printed per code on this siteNothing, from ignou.ac.inDepends on the seller
Best useRanking themes such as sampling in MEDS-044 by how often they returnedSeeing the layout, the section rule and the wording of one sessionChecking how one full paper might be answered
What it cannot doSay what IGNOU will set nextShow which themes return across sessionsCover what that one session left out

Free papers for many programmes, some answered, are gathered on the IGNOU solved question papers collection, and the sets for every other programme sit on the main ignouproject.com guess paper page. For MAUS the cheapest sound routine is to write out the June 2026 IGNOU paper for a code under exam timing first, and use a set afterwards to cover the themes that paper did not reach.

Four sessions behind every set. Each MAUS set starts from IGNOU’s December 2024, June 2025, December 2025 and June 2026 papers for that code.

Section rule respected. MPA-016 and MHI-10 sets are split by section, so a learner can see two answers ready on each side.

MEDS-044 methods worked through. Sampling, reliability, validity and the Logical Framework are answered with urban project examples.

Short notes built in. Every MEDS set carries ten-mark notes, because every MEDS paper since December 2024 has had a note question.

History answers sized to 500 words. MHI-10 answers follow the word guide IGNOU prints, which was 400 in December 2025.

Hindi checked against English. Where an IGNOU Hindi half words a question differently, the Hindi set follows the English sense and says so.

Acts and policies named correctly. The 74th Amendment, NUHHP 2007, NEP 2006 and the 1986 Environment Act appear with their right numbers and years.

Year II by option. Order the four options on the registration, not a fixed bundle of five.

Year I in paper order. On request, MEDS-041 to MEDS-044 are sent in the order of the 23 to 28 December run.

PGDUPDL fits too. The four core MEDS papers and MEDSE-046 are headed for the urban planning diploma in every session.

Answer shape over padding. Definition, the points an evaluator can tick, an Indian urban example, then a closing line.

PDF or print. A WhatsApp PDF for speed, or a bound printout by courier for desk revision.

Ten MAUS Theory Codes, Three Prefixes and Two Answer Rules

MAUS has ten theory codes with a term-end paper, listed in section 3.48 of the July 2026 Common Prospectus: Year I carries MEDS-041 to MEDS-044 at 6 credits each and an 8-credit elective, MEDSE-046; Year II offers MEDS-047, MEDS-048, MEDS-049, MHI-10 and MPA-016 at 8 credits each, of which a learner chooses 32 credits. The programme totals 64 credits and is taught in English, per the same section.

The arithmetic holds. Year I is 4 × 6 + 8 = 32, and the elective slot can be filled either by MEDSE-046 or by the project course, which has no term-end paper. Year II offers 5 × 8 = 40 credits and asks for 32, so four of the five options. Add the two years and the prospectus total of 64 is confirmed. The three prefixes tell a learner whose paper it is: MEDS and MEDSE codes belong to the School of Extension and Development Studies, while MHI-10 is borrowed from MA History and MPA-016 from MA Public Administration.

Year I Codes and Their December Dates

On a phone, swipe the table sideways for every column.

MAUS Year I codes, credits, paper medium and December 2026 dates
CodeTitle (July 2026 Common Prospectus)CreditsPaper printed inDecember 2026 paper
MEDSE-046Development: Issues and Perspectives8English and Hindi in one paperWed 16 Dec 2026, 10 AM to 1 PM
MEDS-041Introduction to Urban Development6English and Hindi in one paperWed 23 Dec 2026, 2 PM to 5 PM
MEDS-042Issues and Challenges in Urban Planning and Development6English and Hindi in one paperThu 24 Dec 2026, 2 PM to 5 PM
MEDS-043Dynamics of Urban Planning and Development6English and Hindi in one paperSat 26 Dec 2026, 2 PM to 5 PM
MEDS-044Monitoring and Evaluation of Projects and Programmes6English and Hindi in one paperMon 28 Dec 2026, 2 PM to 5 PM

Year II Options and Their December Dates

On a phone, swipe the table sideways for every column.

MAUS Year II options, credits, paper medium and December 2026 dates
CodeTitle (July 2026 Common Prospectus)CreditsPaper printed inDecember 2026 paper
MEDS-047Ecology, Environment and Urban Development8English onlySat 12 Dec 2026, 2 PM to 5 PM
MEDS-048Sustainable Development and Smart Cities8English onlyTue 15 Dec 2026, 2 PM to 5 PM
MEDS-049Dynamics of Development in Urban Construct8English onlyThu 17 Dec 2026, 2 PM to 5 PM
MPA-016Decentralization and Local Governance8English and Hindi in one paperSat 19 Dec 2026, 2 PM to 5 PM
MHI-10Urbanization in India8English and Hindi in one paperTue 22 Dec 2026, 2 PM to 5 PM

The MAUS handwritten assignment page uses the same code list. No separate per-code page exists on this site for the MAUS courses, so each code’s facts are kept in the tables on this page.

Which MAUS Sets a Learner Actually Needs

On a phone, swipe the table sideways for every column.

Which MAUS sets fit which registration
LearnerPapers in December 2026Sets to consider
PGDUPDL learnerMEDS-041 to MEDS-044, and MEDSE-046 if it is the electiveUp to five sets; all five papers name the diploma in every session
MAUS Year I with the MEDSE-046 electiveMEDSE-046 on 16 December (10 AM), then MEDS-041 to MEDS-044 from 23 to 28 DecemberFive sets; finish MEDS-041 and MEDS-042 before 23 December
MAUS Year I, core papers onlyMEDS-041 to MEDS-044, 23 to 28 DecemberFour sets, all in the any-five-of-eight layout
MAUS Year IIFour of MEDS-047, MEDS-048, MEDS-049, MPA-016 and MHI-10 (32 of 40 credits)Four sets; MPA-016 and MHI-10 need answers from both sections
Year II with a Year I paper pendingYear II options plus one or more Year I codesWatch 15 to 17 December and 22 to 24 December in the planner

The Layout of Each MAUS Paper in June 2026

Two answer rules cover the whole list. Eight papers are open choice: five 20-mark answers from eight questions, or from nine in the June 2026 MEDS-048 paper. MPA-016 and MHI-10 print ten questions in two sections and require at least two answers from each, with a suggested length of about 500 words an answer.

On a phone, swipe the table sideways for every column.

Layout of every MAUS paper as IGNOU set it in June 2026, with the programmes named in its heading
CodeLatest IGNOU paperTime and marksAnswer ruleShort notesHeading in June 2026Sessions naming MAUS
MEDS-041June 20263 hours, 100 marksAny 5 of 8, 20 marks eachQ8, two notes set, no choice, 10 marks a notePGDUPDL/MAUS/MADVS4 of 4
MEDS-042June 20263 hours, 100 marksAny 5 of 8, 20 marks eachQ5, any two of three, 10 marks a notePGDUPDL/MAUS1 of 4
MEDS-043June 20263 hours, 100 marksAny 5 of 8, 20 marks eachQ5, any two of three, 10 marks a notePGDUPDL/MAUS4 of 4
MEDS-044June 20263 hours, 100 marksAny 5 of 8, 20 marks eachQ1, any two of three, 10 marks a notePGDUPDL/MAUS4 of 4
MEDSE-046June 20263 hours, 100 marksAny 5 of 8, 20 marks eachQ8, any two of three, 10 marks a notePGDUPDL/MAUS4 of 4
MEDS-047June 20263 hours, 100 marksAny 5 of 8, 20 marks eachQ5, any two of three, 10 marks a noteMAUS4 of 4
MEDS-048June 20263 hours, 100 marksAny 5 of 9, 20 marks eachQ9, any two of three, 10 marks a noteMAUS4 of 4
MEDS-049June 20263 hours, 100 marksAny 5 of 8, 20 marks eachQ8, two notes set, no choice, 10 marks a noteMAUS4 of 4
MPA-016June 20263 hours, 100 marksAny 5 of 10 in two sections, at least 2 from each, 20 marks eachQ5 and Q10, two notes set in each, 10 marks a noteMPA0 of 4
MHI-10June 20263 hours, 100 marksAny 5 of 10 in two sections, at least 2 from each, 20 marks eachQ5 and Q10, any two of four in each, 10 marks a noteMAH0 of 4

Twenty-nine of the 40 MAUS papers from December 2024 to June 2026 name MAUS in their heading, and the eleven that do not are predictable: MPA-016 is headed for MA Public Administration and MHI-10 for MA History in all four sessions, and MEDS-042, a Year I core course, named MAUS only once, in June 2026. Its December 2024 paper was headed for the urban planning diploma alone, and the June and December 2025 papers for that diploma and MA Development Studies. A learner who opens the MEDS-042 or MPA-016 paper and sees another programme’s name has the right paper if the code matches the hall ticket.

Where the Short-Note Question Sits in Each Session

Every MAUS paper carries ten-mark short notes, but their position and choice move from session to session, which matters to anyone who plans to take the notes first.

On a phone, swipe the table sideways for every column.

Position and choice of the short-note question in each MAUS paper, December 2024 to June 2026
CodeDecember 2024June 2025December 2025June 2026
MEDS-041Q5 2 of 3Q5 2 of 3Q5 2 of 3Q8 fixed pair
MEDS-042Q6 2 of 3Q5 2 of 3Q5 2 of 3Q5 2 of 3
MEDS-043Q8 fixed pairQ8 fixed pairQ5 2 of 3Q5 2 of 3
MEDS-044Q8 2 of 3Q8 2 of 3Q1 2 of 3Q1 2 of 3
MEDSE-046Q8 fixed pairQ8 fixed pairQ8 2 of 3Q8 2 of 3
MEDS-047Q8 2 of 3Q5 2 of 3Q5 2 of 3Q5 2 of 3
MEDS-048Q8 2 of 3Q8 fixed pairQ8 fixed pairQ9 2 of 3
MEDS-049Q8 2 of 3Q8 fixed pairQ8 fixed pairQ8 fixed pair
MPA-016Q5 and 10 fixed pairQ5 and 10 fixed pairQ5 and 10 fixed pairQ5 and 10 fixed pair
MHI-10Q5 and 10 2 of 4Q5 and 10 2 of 4Q5 and 10 2 of 4Q5 and 10 2 of 4

Three layout changes inside two years. MEDS-044 moved its short notes from the last question to Question 1 in December 2025 and kept them there in June 2026. MEDS-048 printed nine questions instead of eight in June 2026, with the notes at Question 9. And the MHI-10 instruction asked for answers of about 400 words in December 2025, against about 500 in December 2024, June 2025 and June 2026.

The layouts and notes above for the three codes outside the theme tables come from these IGNOU papers: Dec 2024 MEDSE-046 file, Jun 2025 MEDSE-046 file, Dec 2025 MEDSE-046 file and Jun 2026 MEDSE-046 file; Dec 2024 MEDS-048 file, Jun 2025 MEDS-048 file, Dec 2025 MEDS-048 file and Jun 2026 MEDS-048 file; Dec 2024 MEDS-049 file, Jun 2025 MEDS-049 file, Dec 2025 MEDS-049 file and Jun 2026 MEDS-049 file.

Disagreements and stale lists a MAUS learner should know about.

  • The prospectus lists the history option as MHI-10. IGNOU’s papers and file names use MHI-10 from December 2024 to December 2025 and MHI-010 in June 2026: one course, two spellings of the code.
  • The prospectus titles MPA-016 “Decentralization and Local Governance”; the June 2025 paper prints “Decentralisation and Local Government”, while the other three sessions say Governance.
  • MAUS is listed with English as its medium of instruction, yet IGNOU’s assignment list carries Hindi MAUS assignments for MEDS-041 to MEDS-044 and MEDSE-046 for the January and July 2026 sessions, and seven of the ten papers are printed in both languages. The Regional Centre confirms whether a MAUS learner may answer in Hindi.
  • In IGNOU’s assignment list for July 2026 and January 2027, the five Year I MAUS rows give the January 2027 deadline as 30-09-2026, a date before the July deadline of 31-03-2027; the Year II rows say 30-09-2027.
  • One third-party paper site lists “MEDS-050 Urban Waste Management” under MAUS as an older course. That code does not appear in the July 2026 prospectus, in IGNOU’s four session lists of papers, in the December 2026 date sheet or in IGNOU’s assignment list.
  • The publisher’s own store still lists the MAUS Year I and Year II combos as “Specially for IGNOU TEE of June & December 2025 sessions”, with a fixed count of 30 questions per subject in the title. That wording is being corrected; this page describes the December 2026 sets.

What Forty MAUS Papers Asked Between December 2024 and June 2026

In IGNOU’s MPA-016 Decentralisation and Local Governance papers, four themes appeared in all four sessions from December 2024 to June 2026: democratic decentralisation, empowerment, the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts, and micro-level or multi-level planning. No other code in the MAUS theme tables has more than two themes at 4 of 4.

MEDS-042 set municipal solid waste as Question 3 in the December 2024, June 2025 and June 2026 papers, three of four, and MEDS-044 asked about sampling and about evaluation approaches in every one of its four papers. In MHI-10, Question 1 was a conceptual question about the city or urbanism in all four sessions, from Lefebvre’s notion of space in December 2024 to Pirenne and Weber in June 2026.

The counts below come from IGNOU’s MAUS papers for December 2024, June 2025, December 2025 and June 2026, four per code and 40 in all, each reviewed in full by ignouproject.com on 5 November 2026. A theme is counted when a question or a short note asks about it in substance; matching is at topic level and is a human judgement, not a word search, and each cell gives the question number so it can be checked. The theme tables cover MEDS-041 to MEDS-044, MEDS-047, MPA-016 and MHI-10. For MEDSE-046, MEDS-048 and MEDS-049 the layout appears in the tables above, and recurring themes for those codes are confirmed against the latest IGNOU paper on WhatsApp. A theme seen once is not listed, and n of N is a count of past sessions, not a forecast.

MEDS-041: Urbanisation Asked in Every Session

Urbanisation itself is the one theme set in every session, framed as causes and problems in December 2025, as trends and patterns in June 2025 and as the issues of urban development in June 2026. Urban planning, governance and the finance-and-management family each reached three of four. Two questions came back almost word for word: the valuation of urban assets (December 2024 Question 2, June 2025 Question 7) and peri-urban areas (December 2024 Question 8, June 2025 Question 3).

On a phone, swipe the table sideways for every column.

MEDS-041 Introduction to Urban Development: themes by IGNOU session, with question numbers and n of N papers
ThemeDecember 2024June 2025December 2025June 2026n of N
Urbanisation: causes, trends, problems and links with globalisationQ3Q8Q1, Q8Q14 of 4
Urban planning: steps, types, techniques, land use planning and GISQ1, 5(a)Q2–Q2, 8(b)3 of 4
Urban governance, urban local bodies and urban e-governanceQ6, 5(b)–Q2Q43 of 4
Urban financial management, urban management, auditing and development management–Q4, Q6Q4Q5, Q63 of 4
Participatory development and methods of participationQ4, Q7––Q72 of 4
Urban assets and the valuation of urban assetsQ2Q7––2 of 4
Peri-urban areas: challenges and measuresQ8Q3––2 of 4
Theories of urban development (concentric zone, central place)–Q1Q3–2 of 4
Public-Private Partnership models––Q78(a)2 of 4
Urban poverty5(c)–5(b)–2 of 4

Each MEDS-041 cell can be checked in IGNOU’s files: Dec 2024 MEDS-041 file, Jun 2025 MEDS-041 file, Dec 2025 MEDS-041 file and Jun 2026 MEDS-041 file.

MEDS-042: Six Themes at Three of Four, None at Four

No MEDS-042 theme reached four of four, but six reached three, which makes this the widest paper in Year I. Solid waste is the steadiest, set at Question 3 three times. The December 2024 paper is worth a second look for another reason: its Questions 7 and 8 both ask about the informal sector, one on its characteristics and social security, the other on its meaning and contribution to employment.

On a phone, swipe the table sideways for every column.

MEDS-042 Issues and Challenges in Urban Planning and Development: themes by IGNOU session, with question numbers and n of N papers
ThemeDecember 2024June 2025December 2025June 2026n of N
Municipal solid waste and waste managementQ3Q3–Q33 of 4
Urban crime and the urban paradox–Q2, Q65(c)Q23 of 4
Urban land markets: segments, formal and informal6(b)5(c)Q3–3 of 4
Phases of industrial development and industrial pollutionQ5, 6(c)Q1–5(b)3 of 4
Sustainable urban energy planning–Q4Q85(a)3 of 4
Urban health care and the National Urban Health Mission–5(a)Q65(c)3 of 4
Urban poverty, the informal sector and informal settlements6(a), Q7, Q8–Q1, Q2–2 of 4
Water, sanitation and water policy––Q4, Q7Q62 of 4
Urban unemployment: types and causes–Q8–Q82 of 4
Urban education: components and challenges–Q7–Q42 of 4
Urban housing and housing policy–5(b)–Q12 of 4

IGNOU’s MEDS-042 papers behind these counts: Dec 2024 MEDS-042 file, Jun 2025 MEDS-042 file, Dec 2025 MEDS-042 file and Jun 2026 MEDS-042 file.

MEDS-043: Disaster Questions in Four Settings

Sustainable development and disaster management are the two MEDS-043 themes in all four papers. The disaster question changes its setting each time, from community-based management to man-made disasters, then plain and riverine areas, then mountainous and riverine regions, so a set answer has to carry all four settings. The June 2026 paper returned to the Kerala model of rural-urban continuum, last set in December 2024, and spelt the state Keralam.

On a phone, swipe the table sideways for every column.

MEDS-043 Dynamics of Urban Planning and Development: themes by IGNOU session, with question numbers and n of N papers
ThemeDecember 2024June 2025December 2025June 2026n of N
Sustainable development: components, indicators, promotion, public administration’s roleQ1Q1Q1Q24 of 4
Disaster management: community-based, man-made, plain, riverine and mountain areasQ7Q7Q4Q84 of 4
Urban development policy and programmes in India, the USA and ChinaQ3Q3Q2, Q7–3 of 4
Biodiversity8(a)–Q65(c)3 of 4
Fiscal decentralisation, fiscal reform and municipal finance–Q5, Q6, 8(a)Q3Q33 of 4
Urban reforms, their legal dimensions and rent control reformQ4Q4, 8(b)–Q13 of 4
Decentralised planningQ5–5(b)–2 of 4
Natural resource managementQ2Q2––2 of 4
The Kerala model of rural-urban continuumQ6––Q62 of 4
JNNURM: mission toolkit, framework and process8(b)––Q42 of 4

The four MEDS-043 papers, as IGNOU filed them: Dec 2024 MEDS-043 file, Jun 2025 MEDS-043 file, Dec 2025 MEDS-043 file and Jun 2026 MEDS-043 file.

MEDS-044: Sampling and Evaluation Every Time

MEDS-044 is the most method-heavy MAUS paper. Sampling and evaluation reached four of four, and six more themes reached three, from monitoring tools to reliability and validity. Since December 2025 the paper opens with its short notes at Question 1, so the first thing a learner reads is a choice of two notes from three.

On a phone, swipe the table sideways for every column.

MEDS-044 Monitoring and Evaluation of Projects and Programmes: themes by IGNOU session, with question numbers and n of N papers
ThemeDecember 2024June 2025December 2025June 2026n of N
Sampling: methods, sample design, sampling errors and sample sizeQ3, 8(c)Q3, 8(b)Q4Q44 of 4
Evaluation: types, aspects and approaches, including the Logical FrameworkQ1Q1Q6Q6, 1(b)4 of 4
Monitoring: concepts, types, tools and techniquesQ7–Q7Q73 of 4
Project management and the project management cycleQ6Q6–Q83 of 4
Measurement, reliability and validity of measuring instruments–Q2Q2, Q5Q53 of 4
Qualitative data collection: questionnaire, observation, focus groupsQ4, 8(a)Q4Q3–3 of 4
Project appraisal and SMART objectivesQ5–Q81(a)3 of 4
Tabulation, data analysis and the research report8(b)Q5, 8(a)–1(c), Q2, Q33 of 4
Rating and scaling techniquesQ28(c)––2 of 4
Programme planning and participatory urban planning–Q71(a)–2 of 4

To trace the MEDS-044 sampling and evaluation counts, open Dec 2024 MEDS-044 file, Jun 2025 MEDS-044 file, Dec 2025 MEDS-044 file and Jun 2026 MEDS-044 file.

MEDS-047: Forests in All Four Papers

Forests and urban forestry are in all four MEDS-047 papers. The growth of slums was asked in June 2025 Question 6 and again in June 2026 Question 6, in nearly the same words, and landscape diversity appeared in three of the four papers. The short notes moved from Question 8 in December 2024 to Question 5 from June 2025 onward.

On a phone, swipe the table sideways for every column.

MEDS-047 Ecology, Environment and Urban Development: themes by IGNOU session, with question numbers and n of N papers
ThemeDecember 2024June 2025December 2025June 2026n of N
Forests and urban forestryQ4Q3Q8Q34 of 4
Landscape diversity and landscape ecologyQ6Q2–Q13 of 4
Slums: growth, characteristics and control–Q65(b)Q63 of 4
Institutions in natural resource managementQ5–Q2Q23 of 4
Population and the environmentQ1Q45(a)–3 of 4
Environmental audit, impact assessment and management systems8(b), 8(c)Q8Q7–3 of 4
Environmental law and policy: NGT, the 1986 Act, NEP 2006, the Paris Agreement8(a)–Q1Q8, 5(c)3 of 4
Biodiversity and urban biodiversityQ3, Q7––5(a)2 of 4
Urban sanitation policyQ25(c)––2 of 4
Gender, climate change and the environment–Q7Q3–2 of 4

MEDS-047, printed in English only, in each session: Dec 2024 MEDS-047 file, Jun 2025 MEDS-047 file, Dec 2025 MEDS-047 file and Jun 2026 MEDS-047 file.

MPA-016: Four Themes That Never Missed a Session

MPA-016 is the most repetitive MAUS paper, and also the one headed for another programme in every session. Several June 2026 questions restate December 2025 material: the challenges to sustainable development and environment were a December 2025 note and a June 2026 essay, and the resources of local bodies were asked in both. Because the paper is split into two sections, the themes also need sorting by section before revision; the 73rd and 74th Amendment questions sit in Section II every time.

On a phone, swipe the table sideways for every column.

MPA-016 Decentralization and Local Governance: themes by IGNOU session, with question numbers and n of N papers
ThemeDecember 2024June 2025December 2025June 2026n of N
Democratic decentralisation: concept, significance, context and constitutional dimensionQ1, 5(b)Q2Q1Q14 of 4
Empowerment: concept and constraints5(a)Q410(a)Q44 of 4
The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment ActsQ6Q6Q6Q84 of 4
Micro-level and multi-level planningQ7Q9Q810(a)4 of 4
Components of decentralisation: politico-administrative, socio-economic, functionalQ3–Q2, 5(b)Q23 of 4
Local authorities and special purpose agenciesQ4–Q45(b)3 of 4
Challenges to sustainable development and environmentQ9–10(b)Q73 of 4
Resources and finances of local bodies–Q3Q9Q63 of 4
Urban local government: structure and sub-units10(a)Q7–Q93 of 4
Knowledge networking10(b)––10(b)2 of 4
Distributive justice and distributing the benefits of development––Q3Q32 of 4

The MPA-016 papers, each headed for MA Public Administration: Dec 2024 MPA-016 file, Jun 2025 MPA-016 file, Dec 2025 MPA-016 file and Jun 2026 MPA-016 file.

MHI-10: Question 1 Is Always About Ideas of the City

MHI-10 is a history paper. Harappan cities, the Arthashastra, Tamilakam, the Delhi Sultanate and colonial towns fill its ten questions. Section I leans towards early India and Section II towards medieval and colonial towns, and a learner must answer at least two from each. The Banaras question on sacred zones and Khandas appeared in December 2024 and again in June 2026 with only its opening verb changed.

On a phone, swipe the table sideways for every column.

MHI-10 Urbanization in India: themes by IGNOU session, with question numbers and n of N papers
ThemeDecember 2024June 2025December 2025June 2026n of N
Ideas of the city: Lefebvre, historiography, early urbanism, Pirenne and WeberQ1Q1Q1Q14 of 4
Harappan cities: Mohenjodaro layout and houses, burials, crafts, ethnicityQ2Q2, 5(b)5(b)Q2, 5(a)4 of 4
Cities in Kautilya’s ArthashastraQ35(d)–Q43 of 4
Early historic Tamilakam and temple towns–Q3Q6Q33 of 4
Urbanisation under the Delhi SultanateQ7Q6–Q63 of 4
Early medieval urbanisation and the urban decline debateQ6Q4Q3, Q4–3 of 4
Colonial cities: race, caste, class and modernity10(a)Q8Q9–3 of 4
Sacred zones and Khandas of BanarasQ8––Q72 of 4
Taxila valleyQ4–Q2–2 of 4
Canal colonies and Surat––Q8, 10(d)10(d)2 of 4

MHI-10, headed for MA History, in each session: Dec 2024 MHI-10 file, Jun 2025 MHI-10 file, Dec 2025 MHI-10 file and Jun 2026 MHI-010 file.

Where the Hindi Half Says Something Different

In four MAUS questions between December 2024 and June 2026, IGNOU’s Hindi text asks something different from the English: the December 2024 MPA-016 paper prints “7th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992” in English and the 74th in Hindi; the December 2025 MEDS-043 paper names fiscal devaluation in English and fiscal transfer in Hindi; the June 2026 MEDS-041 paper asks about City Region in English and about urban area in Hindi; and the June 2026 MPA-016 note asks for evaluation of special purpose agencies in English and their development in Hindi.

On a phone, swipe the table sideways for every column.

Places where the Hindi half of a MAUS paper differs from the English half
CodeSessionWhereEnglish halfHindi half (in roman letters)What it means
MPA-016Dec 2024Q6“7th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992”“74ven” (74th) Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992The Hindi number is the one that matches 1992; the English drops the 4
MEDS-043Dec 2025Q3fiscal decentralisation, then “criteria of fiscal devaluation”“vittiya antaran” (fiscal transfer)The two halves name different criteria in the same question
MEDS-041Jun 2026Q3“What is City Region?”“shahri kshetra” (urban area), the same words Q1 uses for Urban AreaA Hindi reader sees Q1 and Q3 open on the same term
MPA-016Jun 20265(b)“Evaluation of Special Purpose Agencies”“vikas” (development) of special purpose agenciesThe note asks for evaluation in English and development in Hindi
MEDSE-046Jun 2025Heading“M. A. (URBAN STUDIES)”“Urban Studies (shahri shiksha)”, that is, urban educationThe Hindi heading renames the programme
MEDS-041Dec 2024 to Jun 2026Title“Introduction to Urban Development” in every session“Ek Parichay” (an introduction) in Dec 2024, “Ek Sakshatkar” (an interview) in Jun 2025 and Dec 2025, “Ek Samiksha” (a review) in Jun 2026Three Hindi titles for one course

For a learner answering in Hindi, the practical step is simple: read the English line of any question that looks odd before writing. For a learner answering in English, the Hindi line can confirm a misprint, as it does for the 74th Amendment.

Misprints and Filing Slips in IGNOU’s MAUS Papers

None of these changes what a question asks once it is read carefully, but each has confused learners checking a paper against a hall ticket or a syllabus.

On a phone, swipe the table sideways for every column.

Misprints and filing slips in IGNOU’s MAUS papers, December 2024 to June 2026
CodeSessionWhat IGNOU printedWhat it should read
MEDS-044Jun 2025, Dec 2025“MONITORING AND EVALUATON” in the course titleEvaluation; the June 2026 paper spells it correctly
MEDS-042Jun 2025Page-3 footer “MEDS-0421”MEDS-042
MPA-016Dec 2024Q6: “7th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992”74th, as the Hindi half prints
MPA-016Jun 2025Title “Decentralisation and Local Government”Local Governance, as in the other sessions and the prospectus
MEDS-043Dec 2025Q3: “criteria of fiscal devaluation”The question opens on fiscal decentralisation; the Hindi half says fiscal transfer
MEDS-049Dec 2024Q1 “traditional and modern sections”, Q4 “juggernant”, Q7 “Globilisation”Sectors, juggernaut, globalisation
MEDS-049Dec 2025Q6: “empowerment of the mangindised”Marginalised
MEDS-048Dec 2025, Jun 2026“keys features” (Q4, Dec 2025), “pillers of Smart City” (Q5, Jun 2026)Key features, pillars
MEDS-042Dec 2024Q7 and Q8 both ask about the informal sectorTwo questions on one theme in one paper
MHI-10Jun 2026Note 10(d) “Origin and growth of Surat Canal colonies”, in both halvesSurat and the canal colonies were separate items in December 2025
MHI-10Jun 2026Code printed and filed as MHI-010MHI-10 in the prospectus and in the three earlier sessions

From Four IGNOU Papers to One MAUS Set: The Preparation Steps

Each MAUS set is prepared the same way, whatever the code.

  1. Gather the code’s four latest IGNOU papers. For every MAUS code these are December 2024 to June 2026, taken from IGNOU’s own session lists, with the session checked on page 1.
  2. Sort every question and note by theme. A two-part question goes in under its main theme; a note counts as a theme in its own right.
  3. Rank by sessions, then by section. Themes in four or three sessions are answered in full first. For MPA-016 and MHI-10 the ranking is kept per section, so each side has enough answers.
  4. Write to the paper’s clock. A 20-mark answer is planned for about 34 minutes; a ten-mark note for about 17. History and public administration answers follow IGNOU’s word guide.
  5. Check against the blocks and the Hindi text. Every answer is checked against the IGNOU course block it comes from, and Hindi answers are checked against the English wording of the question.

A Two-Section Plan for MPA-016

The two-section rule is where MPA-016 answers go wrong: five strong answers all from Section I do not satisfy “at least two questions from each Section”. A safe plan for the December paper, built on the themes IGNOU set most often, looks like this.

  • Section I, two or three answers: democratic decentralisation (set in all four sessions), empowerment and its constraints (all four sessions, three times in Section I), and one components question as a reserve.
  • Section II, two or three answers: the 73rd or 74th Amendment (all four), micro-level planning (three essays and one note) and the resources of local bodies as a reserve.
  • Notes at Question 5 or 10 count as one answer each, about 250 words a note, and in all four MPA-016 papers both notes were set with no choice.

How Far a MAUS Revision Set Can Take a Learner

A guess paper is a revision aid built from past IGNOU question papers and the syllabus. No one outside IGNOU knows the questions in advance, and no claim is made that any question in this set will appear in your examination.

Where a MAUS Set Earns Its Place

It puts the themes IGNOU kept returning to, sampling in MEDS-044, solid waste in MEDS-042, the amendment acts in MPA-016, ahead of themes set once. It shows the shape of a 20-mark answer for a 34-minute slot, and it sorts MPA-016 and MHI-10 answers by section so the two-from-each rule is met. For Year I, where four papers fall inside six days, that ordering saves revision time that does not exist later.

What Stays Outside Any Set

It cannot say which questions the December 2026 papers will hold; IGNOU writes new questions every session, as each of the 40 MAUS papers shows. It cannot replace the MEDS, MHI and MPA blocks, from which IGNOU draws every question. And it cannot anticipate a layout change of the kind MEDS-044 and MEDS-048 made, until IGNOU publishes the paper that shows it.

The free route first. All 40 MAUS papers behind this page open free from IGNOU’s session lists, and the guide to IGNOU’s last-year papers explains how to work through them. The MEDS, MHI and MPA blocks can be read through the eGyanKosh walkthrough or the alternative Gyankosh link page, printed blocks traced through the IGNOU books download page, and short revision summaries found in the IGNOU study notes listing.

Free MAUS Tools: December Paper Planner and Section Clock

The planner lines up the ticked codes against the December 2026 sheet and prices the order; the clock shows how a chosen paper is laid out and how the three hours divide.

Free tool 1

MAUS December Paper Planner

MAUS codes on your December 2026 hall ticket

Tick each MAUS paper you will sit. The project course has no paper, so it is not listed. Year II learners normally tick four of the five options.

Year I (32 credits)

Year II (any 32 of 40 credits)

Hours can be anything from half an hour to sixteen, in steps of 0.5.

Format for the price

This tool is guidance from ignouproject.com, not an IGNOU rule. Using it creates no obligation to order anything.

Free tool 2

MAUS Section and Word Clock

Ten minutes go to reading the paper and picking questions; the clock divides the other 170 among the five answers.

This tool is guidance from ignouproject.com, not an IGNOU rule. Using it creates no obligation to order anything.

The clock’s sums, written out for the three kinds of MAUS paper:

On a phone, swipe the table sideways for every column.

Minutes per answer on each kind of MAUS paper
Paper typeTime availableTime per answer
MEDS papers and MEDSE-046: any 5 of 8 (MEDS-048 June 2026: of 9)170 minutes after 10 to read34 minutes per 20-mark answer; a 5+15 split is about 8 and 26; a pair of 10-mark notes is about 17 each
MPA-016: two sections, at least 2 from each170 minutes after 10 to read34 minutes per answer of about 500 words, roughly 15 words a minute; about 17 minutes per 250-word note
MHI-10: two sections, at least 2 from each170 minutes after 10 to read34 minutes per answer of about 500 words (400 in December 2025); about 17 minutes per 250-word note

Neither tool sends anything anywhere. Every date and layout they show is the same as in the static tables on this page.

Finding Every MAUS Paper and Date on IGNOU’s Own Website

IGNOU publishes one list of question papers for each session, and every MAUS paper above was taken from these: the June 2026 paper list, the December 2025 paper list, the June 2025 paper list and the December 2024 paper list.

  1. Open a session list and search the page for the course number, such as “MEDS-043”. For the history option, search “MHI-10” for 2024 and 2025 and “MHI-010” for June 2026.
  2. Open the PDF and check the month and year on page 1. IGNOU filed its December 2024 MAUS papers in a catch-all downloads folder, so the web address alone will not show the session.
  3. For a bilingual paper, the English half comes first and the Hindi half follows on the later pages; a six-page MEDS file is two three-page papers in one.
  4. Rely on IGNOU’s own sheet for dates: the 30 October 2026 version superseded the tentative one of 21 September 2026. The sheet prints codes without hyphens, so search it for MEDS041 or MPA016.

Third-party pages quote different release dates for the December 2026 sheet; only the PDF on ignou.ac.in counts. Older sessions and other programmes’ papers are listed on the IGNOU date sheet hub and the guides linked above.

Before 12 December and After 28 December: Hall Ticket to Grade Card

The hall ticket has to be in hand before MEDS-047 on 12 December for a Year II learner, or before MEDSE-046 on 16 December for a Year I learner taking that elective. Check that every code on it matches the papers registered, including MHI-10 and MPA-016, which are headed for other programmes.

After the papers, results come in two parts. Term-end marks appear through the IGNOU result page, and the last cycle’s release is tracked on the June 2026 result tracker. Assignment marks are checked through the assignment status page. Anyone unhappy with a term-end mark can follow the revaluation procedure, and once both years are complete the final grade card explainer and the CGPA calculator show the overall standing.

Assignments, Blocks and the MEDSP-045 Project Beside the Sets

A revision set covers the term-end paper and nothing else. MAUS assignments are written by hand, and help with them is on the MAUS page linked in the code tables, while typed answers are covered by IGNOU solved assignments. Fuller course coverage comes from the IGNOU help books and the guide books sold online. The project course, MEDSP-045, is handled separately on the MAUS MEDSP-045 project guide and, for diploma learners, the PGDUPDL project page.

English, Hindi or Both: The Language of Each MAUS Paper

MAUS is taught in English, per section 3.48 of the July 2026 Common Prospectus, but seven of its ten papers are printed in English and Hindi in one file: MEDS-041 to MEDS-044, MEDSE-046, MPA-016 and MHI-10. MEDS-047, MEDS-048 and MEDS-049 are printed in English only, in all four sessions from December 2024 to June 2026.

Each set is prepared for the upcoming term-end examination, in every medium IGNOU examines that course in, and the medium for your course code is confirmed on WhatsApp before you pay.

For MAUS that means English sets for all ten codes, and Hindi sets for the seven bilingual codes where a learner’s Regional Centre allows Hindi answers. No Hindi set is offered for MEDS-047, MEDS-048 or MEDS-049, because IGNOU prints those papers in English alone. The urban planning diploma, which shares the Year I papers, is taught in English and Hindi.

Ordering MAUS Sets on WhatsApp, Step by Step

The rate is ₹49 per subject code for a solved guess paper as a PDF, or ₹100 per subject code as a printed copy. Printed copies carry a one-time courier charge of ₹100 per order, whatever the number of subject codes; the PDF has no courier charge.

  1. List the codes exactly as the hall ticket prints them, for example MEDS-041, MEDS-044, MPA-016.
  2. Mark each code PDF or printed; one order can mix both.
  3. Send the list to WhatsApp +91 93546 37830, with the language wanted for any bilingual code.
  4. Pay the total confirmed in the reply.

The PDF is shared on WhatsApp once payment is confirmed. A printed copy is dispatched the next day after payment is confirmed, and the courier details are shared on WhatsApp. No arrival date is promised, because transit time depends on the courier and your location.

There is no minimum order: one subject or ten, same rate per format.

As a worked example, a Year I learner sitting MEDSE-046 and the four core papers pays 5 × ₹49 = ₹245 for PDFs, or 5 × ₹100 + ₹100 courier = ₹600 for printed copies. Four Year II options cost ₹196 as PDFs. Fees for assignments and other work appear on the services and charges list.

Where the MAUS Facts Come From and When They Are Rechecked

IGNOU documents. Course codes, credits and medium come from section 3.48 of the July 2026 Common Prospectus, with section 8.19 for the urban planning diploma. Paper layouts, headings, Hindi wording and every theme count come from IGNOU’s 40 MAUS papers for December 2024 to June 2026, linked above code by code. Dates come from IGNOU’s December 2026 date sheet of 30 October 2026, and the 30 per cent assignment weightage from IGNOU’s assignment download list. Where IGNOU publishes each new prospectus, and how to read it, is set out in the IGNOU prospectus guide.

The publisher’s analysis. The theme tables, the English and Hindi comparison, the misprint list, the section plans and the clock arithmetic are ignouproject.com’s own reading of those papers, compared by hand on 5 November 2026. Topic matching is a judgement; question numbers are given so any cell can be checked.

The publisher’s terms. Prices, the two formats, dispatch and the medium rule are the commercial terms of Shri Chakradhar Publication Pvt. Ltd. and are separate from anything IGNOU publishes.

Written and reviewed by BK Sahni, Founder, Shri Chakradhar Publication Pvt. Ltd. and ignouproject.com, who has guided 5,00,000 students till date. ORCID 0009-0005-8092-459X. Serving IGNOU learners since 2010.

Published 5 November 2026. Last reviewed 5 November 2026. Next review: when IGNOU issues the tentative date sheet for the June 2027 examination, expected around March 2027, or sooner if the December 2026 sheet is revised.

Short Answers for MAUS Learners Weighing an Order

Important Notice

ignouproject.com is an independent IGNOU study-support publisher. It is not the official website of Indira Gandhi National Open University, is not affiliated with, endorsed by or authorised by the university, and no page on this site should be treated as an official IGNOU communication.

Programme structures, course codes, examination dates, question-paper patterns and rules change, and only ignou.ac.in and your Regional Centre can confirm the current position for your enrolment.

A guess paper is a revision aid built from past IGNOU question papers and the syllabus. No one outside IGNOU knows the questions in advance, and no claim is made that any question in this set will appear in your examination.

Study the official IGNOU material for every course you are sitting; a guess paper supplements that material and does not replace it.

No claim is made about the marks you will receive, about how an evaluator will assess your answers, or about your result. Examination and evaluation are entirely a matter for IGNOU.

MEDS-047 opens the MAUS papers on Saturday 12 December

Start with the themes IGNOU set in three or four sessions, and leave the Year I core ready before 23 December.

₹49 PDF · ₹100 printed, per subject code

BK Sahni · WhatsApp +91 93546 37830 · since 2010 · Shri Chakradhar Publication Pvt. Ltd., publisher of ignouproject.com

BK Sahni, Founder of Shri Chakradhar Publication and ignouproject.com
Written & Reviewed By

BK Sahni iD 0009-0005-8092-459X

Founder, Shri Chakradhar Publication Pvt. Ltd. & ignouproject.com — helping IGNOU distance-learning students since 2010 (5,00,000+ students supported across MBA, MCom, MA & more). Author of IGNOU exam guides, solved assignments & project reference books.

Editorial method: Content is cross-checked against official IGNOU and Samarth notifications and the latest assignment, exam, and project guidelines on ignou.ac.in before each update. Refreshed before every June & December TEE cycle. Published research: author of open-access IGNOU project methodology guides on Zenodo (CERN), indexed with permanent DOIs.

Disclosure: Shri Chakradhar Publication Pvt. Ltd. and ignouproject.com are independent third-party study-help services — not the official IGNOU website. Always verify final dates and rules on ignou.ac.in.

BK Sahni, Founder of Shri Chakradhar Publication and ignouproject.com

Author

BK Sahni

BK Sahni (Bhavya Kumar Sahni) is the Founder of Shri Chakradhar Publication Pvt. Ltd. (CIN: U22213DL2019PTC352185) and ignouproject.com — India's most trusted independent IGNOU study-help publisher. Since 2010, BK Sahni has personally guided 5,00,000+ IGNOU distance-learning students across all programmes including MBA, MCOM, MEG, MHD, MPS, BAG and more — through project reports, solved assignments, guess papers, help books and TEE preparation. Academic author: ORCID 0009-0005-8092-459X. Learn more at bksahni.com

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